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In the context of bystander recovery, if the victim's negligence exceeds that of the defendant, then the victim cannot recover for his or her injuries and neither can the witness recover for the emotional distress caused by observing those injuries. Negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) is a personal injury law concept arising when a defendant acts so carelessly that they must compensate the plaintiff for the resulting mental harm. These forms are appropriation, intrusion, publicity, and false light. These constitute past damages. This rule does not create the same kind of artificial restrictions on NIED claims that the "impact" and "zone of danger" rules do. The United States Supreme Court has stated that emotional distress describes a mental or emotional injury that is separate and distinct from the tort law concepts of pain and suffering. An emotional distress lawsuit can be brought directly by the victim of an accident who has suffered through a negligent act. If a person has suffered emotional harm or mental anguish resulting directly from an extreme traumatic experience they may be entitled to pursue an emotional distress damages case. Therefore, we hold that the lower court did not err by allocating the $29,000 between the personal injury and the wrongful death awards. The court then reduced the wrongful death award to $50,000, the statutory maximum for claims against the State. The trial courts could determine whether the accident and the harm to the bystander was reasonably foreseeable and "thus mark out areas of liability, excluding the remote and unexpected." Dziokonski v. Babineau, 380 N.E.2d at 1302; Bovsun v. Sanperi, 461 N.E.2d at 848. From that point, the drivers could not see the two cars off the road or the flashers of the patrol car because the freeway curved. WebNegligent Entrustment: (1) Possessory interest in the chattel (2) entrusting that chattel to another (3) w/ reason to know that person is incompetent (4) injuriesaup result to plaintiff as a result of that incompetnece Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress: If the actors negligent conduct puts P in danger of harm and emotional harm results, P may be able Some states address NIED through statute, but typically only to provide immunity to certain people (such as police officers or fire fighters). Culbert v. Sampson's Supermarkets, Inc., 444 A.2d 433, 436 (Me. One of the most important precedents was established with the California Supreme Court's 1968Dillon v. Leggruling, which was the first to award damages for NIED as a stand-alone tort. When she asked the patrolman about her baby, he just shook his head. (See Molien v. Kaiser NRS 41.035(1). Except as provided in NRS 278.0233 no action may be brought under NRS 41.031 or against an officer or employee of the state or any of its agencies or political subdivisions which is: 2. An award may not include any amount as exemplary or punitive damages. See also Schultz v. Barberton Glass Co., 447 N.E.2d at 112; Sinn v. Burd, 404 A.2d at 678. Negligent infliction of emotional distress occurs when someone had a duty of care to someone else and breached that duty of care, causing emotional distress damages. The elements required in all states for this tort include thenegligence of the defendantand the emotional injury to the plaintiff. Read the Court's full decision on FindLaw. Future plaintiffs, however, need not prove that they were in the zone of danger to recover for negligently inflicted emotional distress in Nevada. Many states replaced the impact rule with the "zone of danger" rule to limit recovery for emotional distress. We adopt these factors to assist in calculating the degree of foreseeability of the emotional harm to a plaintiff bystander resulting from the defendant's conduct. By FindLaw Staff | If you or a loved one has suffered emotional distress caused by the intentional or negligent actions of a third-party you will need an experienced law firm to help you recover what youre owed. 441 P.2d at 924. They were in the zone of danger when their immediate loved ones died. If a property owner illegally evicts a tenant, the tenant may sue the landlord for a wide variety of things depending on the circumstances of the eviction: Intentional infliction of emotional distress. All Content is Copyright Clear Counsel Law Group and Jared Richards. *1374 The State argues that the court should have reduced the award on each claim to the maximum under NRS 41.035(1) before subtracting the amount Chrystal received for releasing the other codefendants. Kellie wanted to recover damages for Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (NIED). 2. Learn more about how a personal injury lawyer can help and get tips on finding the right lawyer for you and your case. In addition, the plaintiff must prove that the shock of witnessing the harm was the proximate cause of his or her emotional distress. In other words, the injuries are purely emotional, which would, in many other circumstances, bar a lawsuit. We perceive no error. Name shock or trauma) from the negligence of another. Sinn v. Burd, 404 A.2d at 678. [1] Chrystal's husband and Amber's *1372 father, Byron Ronald Eaton (Ron), was driving the family car when it struck the rear of a truck. This sum included awards for violating Connecticuts drug testing law, negligent infliction of emotional distress, disability discrimination, and punitive damages. Physical injuries sustained during a car accident are usually immediately obvious. The Apple ID users class action lawsuit alleges claims for breach of contract, negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, fraudulent misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation and violation of the Illinois Turner v. Mandalay Sports Entertainment, LLC, 180 P.3d 1172 (Nev. 2008). 1983). WebCV1505 Negligent infliction of emotional distress-Direct victim. 1978). 441 P.2d at 921. A successful case can result in the victim being rewarded compensation. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Please try again. The following are examples of state NIED laws, as established through the courts: As with the underlying case law that guides negligent infliction of emotional distress claims, states differ on how damages are awarded in such claims. The scope of this legal duty -- and how a plaintiff'sstandingis determined -- is widely interpreted by the courts. After proceeding to trial against the State, the plaintiff may obtain a $1 million judgment. These accidents, which did not result in injuries, were reported to the Nevada Highway Patrol at 5:59 p.m. At 6:00 p.m., Trooper Bradley reported to the highway patrol dispatcher that the freeway two to three miles west of Golconda was "solid ice." v. Research the case of Chelsea Roberts, Individually, and as heir of deceased G.E.D, a minor et al v. Nye County et al, from the D. Nevada, 02-23-2023. There are two types of emotional distress lawsuits in Nevada: (1) Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress; and (2) Negligent Infliction of Emotional 1984). *1371 Brian McKay, Atty. They can even disrupt your livelihood. WebRelationship to intentional infliction of emotional distress. The overall circumstancesmust be examined to determine whether the harm to the plaintiff was reasonably foreseeable. Legally reviewed by Robert Rafii, Esq. 1 Levy et al., California T orts, Ch. STATE of Nevada, Appellant and Cross-Respondent, When you have a personal injury claim, it's best to work with an attorney who understands the consequences of an accident are not simply physical but are also emotional. See, e.g., Blue v. Renassance Alliance., Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at Meriden, Docket No. emotional distress. The Eatons reached the crest of Golconda without difficulty. See Annot. The jury should be permitted to consider them. Foreseeability is a requirement in all standard negligence cases: in essence, a defendant must have been able to reasonably predict that his or her actions could result in the negative consequences experienced by the plaintiff. This rule simply requires that something, anything, contacted or impacted the plaintiff as a result of the defendant's negligent acteven a pebble or the percussive effect of an explosion will fulfill the requirement. In Nevada, you must prove the manifestation of physical symptoms to prove this cause of action. Traditionally, courts did not allow recovery for emotional distress which neither *1375 resulted from nor lead to physical injury or sickness against a defendant who has been merely negligent. 2d at 1050. Their car reached Golconda Summit at about 7:00 p.m. The elements of a negligent infliction ofemotional distressclaim, differences among state laws, remedies, and other important aspects of the tort are discussed below. When the impact of someone else's negligence is significant enough to cause emotional distress and other psychological harm (especially on top of physical injuries), it probably makes sense to discuss your situation with a lawyer. 6718 W. Sunset Rd., Suite 150Las Vegas, Nevada 89118, (888) 424-2736(702) 357-9611cohan@cohanpllc.com. Compensation in NIED cases is for non-physical injury, making it difficult for individuals to prove. The difference between a bystander case and a typical NIED case is that the plaintiff in a bystander case experienced mental or emotional anguish as a result of seeing a close family member suffer grave injury, as opposed to being the direct victim of the defendant's negligent act. Therefore, the entire amount is subject to prejudgment interest. Also, our historical concern that emotional distress must be demonstrated by some physical manifestation of emotional distress is not implicated in this context. Ron later went to the patrol car to check on Amber. Chrystal's complaint alleged damages for emotional distress caused by witnessing the death of Amber. Corso v. Merrill, 406 A.2d at 306. We therefore hold that any non-family "relationship" fails, as a matter of law, to qualify for NIED standing. See id. Trooper Butler arrived at the scene of the two accidents at 6:51 p.m. At 7:00 p.m., the drivers of two westbound semitrucks pulled over to the shoulder to put on chains. These listings are not a guarantee or prediction of the outcome of any other claims. They parked the trucks just west of the summit. We need not question the trustworthiness of an individual's emotional anguish in cases involving desecration of a loved one's remains. You should consult with experienced Las Vegas personal injury lawyers to determine what claims are appropriate for you. Believing Amber to be asleep, Chrystal handed her through the car window to the patrolman. Web"Negligent infliction of emotional distress" or "intentional infliction of emotional distress" might not result in any physical injury, but they're causes of action in tort law. Web 2000e (Title VII) and its Nevada-law counterpart, as well as for negligent hiring, training, and supervision and the intentional and/or negligent infliction of emotional distress. The jury should be allowed to consider it. 29 A.L.R.3d 1337, 1356. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (NIED) is a concept in personal injury law premised on a defendants careless action causing psychological hardship for the plaintiff. We reverse for a trial on this issue. The freeway approaching the summit from the east was dry. The rules and parameters for what constitutes a valid NIED claim (and whether it even stands as its own tort) are shaped by the state courts. In Dillon v. Legg, the California court articulated the following factors which trial courts should consider in determining whether the emotional injury to the plaintiff was reasonably foreseeable:[11]. What makes NIED unique is that a plaintiff can sometimes file a personal injury lawsuit for NIED without any other larger allegation being a part of the case. FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. Someone who has been emotionally injured can pursue a negligent infliction claim by either showing that: The liable party owed them a duty of care, or. Gen., Carson City, for appellant and cross-respondent. At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. 23. Gen., Steven F. Stucker, Deputy Atty. The requirement of impact, which was supposed to guarantee that the mental disturbance was genuine, has in recent years been satisfied by such minor contact as dust in the eye and smoke inhalation, which played no part in causing the actual harm. In a personal injury claim in which NIED is alleged, the defendant's negligence (carelessness) is said to have caused the plaintiff mental or emotional harm. The district court calculated the percentage of the total jury award that was represented by the personal injury award (28%) and the percentage that was represented by the wrongful death award (72%). Proving that a plaintiff has suffered emotional distress damages due to a traumatic experience is difficult, but an experienced lawyer will walk you through what methods are best. For a current review of California law on negligent infliction of emotional distress, see Erlich v. Menezes (1999) 21 Cal.4th 543. In effect, because of the pharmacist'snegligence, the daughter poisoned her mother. Case study: Crisci v. Security Ins. [7]See also II Harper and James, 18.4, p. 1039 ("mechanical rules of thumb which are at variance with these [general] principles [of tort law] do more harm than good."). Under this reasoning, it is not the precise position of plaintiff or what the plaintiff saw that must be examined. 5, Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distr ess, 5.04 (Matthew Bender) 32 California Forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch. Thomas v. Bokelman, 86 Nev. 10, 13, 462 P.2d 1020, 1022 (1970). Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. 1982). It was dark but the weather was clear. A tenant's behavior will not shield a landlord from liability. a causal connection between the conduct and the injury; and. Star v. Rabello, 97 Nev. 124, 625 P.2d 90 (1981). Under the zone of danger rule, a bystander could recover for the emotional distress resulting from observing harm to a close relative occasioned by the defendant's negligence only when that negligence also threatened the bystander-plaintiff with bodily injury. WebNegligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (NIED): This occurs when the defendants negligence causes a traumatic event, such as a car crash, resulting in the victim This sum included awards for violating Connecticuts drug testing law, negligent infliction of emotional distress, disability discrimination, and punitive damages. 6. See Kloepfel v. Bokor, 149 Wn.2d 192, 193 n.1, 66 P.3d 630 (2003) (the two causes of action are synonyms for the same tort); Robel v. Rickey v. Chicago Transit Auth., 98 Ill. 2d 546, 75 Ill.Dec. "Plaintiff's burden of proving causation in fact should not be minimized. Dillon v. Legg, 441 P.2d at 916; Portee v. Jaffee, 84 N.J. 88, 417 A.2d 521, 528 (1980). [6] In a related area, this Court recently recognized a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Texas - Plaintiff may recover for NIED only if he or she witnessed an accident (at close proximity) where the victim was a close relative (such as a parent, sibling, or child). This includes your ability to work and your relationships with friends and family. Under Nevada's comparative negligence statute, NRS 41.141,[9] a plaintiff may recover for negligently caused injuries only if his or her negligence does not exceed the negligence of the defendant. The first element of negligent infliction of emotional distress, which requires that the plaintiff must suffer a physical injury, reflects the impact rule.. Firms, intentional infliction of emotional distress, Amended Complaint for Negligence and Wrongful Death, Complaint for Personal Injury - Slip and Fall, Negligence and Personal Injury Questionnaire, Emotional Distress, Privacy, and Dignitary Torts, NIED: Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress. As a result of Amber's death and her own injuries, Chrystal became depressed and lost twenty pounds. But an experienced personal injury attorney can explain what evidence can demonstrate your suffering. "Negligence is not actionable unless, without the intervention of an intervening cause, it proximately causes the harm for which complaint was made." We recognize a cause of action for serious emotional distress which results in physical symptoms caused by apprehending the death or serious injury of a loved one due to the negligence of the defendant. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress Elements To recover, the witness-plaintiff must prove that he or she: was located near the scene; was emotionally injured See D'Amicol v. Alvarez Shipping Co., Inc., 31 Conn. Supp. Barnhill v. Davis, 300 N.W.2d 104, 107 (Iowa 1981) ("We reject the harshness and artificiality of the zone of physical danger test"); Dziokonski v. Babineau, 380 N.W.2d at 1300 ("Although the zone of danger rule provides a means of limiting the scope of a defendant's liability, it *1376 lacks strong logical support"); Paugh v. Hanks, 6 Ohio St.3d 72, 451 N.E.2d 759, 763 (1983) ("We view the `zone of danger' rule as being unduly restrictive"). See, e.g., Blue v. Renassance Alliance., Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at Meriden, Docket No. Read the Court's full decision on FindLaw. Appellant contends that the district court erred by admitting evidence on the failure of State employees, the highway patrol troopers, to place flares or otherwise warn motorists of the black ice. NIED claims are not easy to prove, so you may want to contact an injury attorney if you believe the negligent acts of another caused you severe emotional distress. [12] Any award granted Chrystal is governed by the limitations imposed by NRS 41.035, including the sums she has already been awarded. Your lawyer can use this to your advantage to recover compensation for both physical and mental anguish. When a release or a covenant not to sue or not to enforce judgment is given in good faith to one of two or more persons liable in tort for the same injury or the same wrongful death: 1. WebOn January 11, 1980, Ron and Chrystal Eaton and their thirteen-month-old daughter, Amber, were traveling west on Interstate 80 between Battle Mountain and Winnemucca, Nevada. [8] One of the longstanding arguments against bystander recovery for negligently inflicted emotional distress was the difficulty or impossibility of proving "that the alleged psychic injuries in fact resulted from seeing a gruesome accident." 1 The City moves to dismiss her claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), 2 arguing that they Chrystal was within the zone of danger; indeed, she suffered physical injury as a result of defendant's negligence. Generally, payment of damages for NIED claims should be proportional to the seriousness of the emotional injury; if physical injury accompanies the emotional trauma, an award of damages would be more likely. Contact a qualified personal injury attorney to make sure your rights are protected. it must have been foreseeable that the defendant's negligent conduct would have caused the plaintiff emotional harm. It does not discharge any of the other tortfeasors from liability for the injury or wrongful death unless its terms so provide; but it reduces the claim against the others to the extent of any amount stipulated by the release or the covenant, or in the amount of the consideration paid for it, whichever is the greater; and. However, the best ways to prove mental anguish include: Proving mental anguish or emotional distress can be difficult. The emotional injury must be directly attributable to the emotional impact of the plaintiff's observation or contemporaneous sensory perception of the accident and immediate viewing of the accident victim. As to Plaintiff Jane AG Doe: DENY Summary Judgment. When presenting a claim that focuses on mental distress without significant physical trauma, you may have a more challenging time proving your case. The purpose of these statutes was "to waive immunity and, correlatively, to strictly construe limitations upon that waiver." [10] But, as Justice Tobriner stated in Dillon v. Legg: [T]he application of tort law can never be a matter of mathematical precision. However, courts struggle to quantify emotional harm in negligent infliction of emotional distress cases. Depending on the state, physical symptoms might include loss of appetite or sleeplessness. We disagree. Chrystal also argues that the district court erred by awarding her prejudgment interest on the amount of her past medical bills alone rather than on the entire amount of her personal injury award. WebBegin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select In Nevada, the elements for a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress are: (1) the defendant negligently caused an accident or injury; (2) the plaintiff was either the person who was injured or someone with a close familial relationship to the injured person; (3) the plaintiff witnessed or experienced the accident or injury; and (4) as a result of witnessing or experiencing the accident, the plaintiff suffered distress. Unlike Intentional infliction, negligent infliction does not require the plaintiff to prove malice. 72, 441 P.2d 912 (1968), its seminal opinion on bystander recovery for negligent infliction of emotional distress. [7] Fears that the Dillon "foreseeability test" would lead to unlimited liability have proven to be unfounded. The car slid on the black ice. Instead, the court held that liability could be circumscribed in these cases, as in all other tort cases, by the application of the general principles of negligence. 164, 326 A.2d 129 (1973); Kelley v. Kokua Sales and Supply, Ltd., 56 Hawaii 204, 532 P.2d 673 (1975); Dziokonski v. Babineau, 375 Mass. See Moon v. Guardian Postacute Services, Inc., 95 Cal.App.4th 1005, 116 Cal.Rptr.2d 218, 220-21 (2002) (explaining that "NIED is a tort in negligence, and the plaintiff must establish the elements of duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages"). The court then applied 28% of the $29,000 to reduce the personal injury award and applied 72% of the $29,000 to reduce the wrongful death award. The supreme court's extensive discussion seems to presage an easing of more restrictive versions of the economic loss rule. 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Kaiser NRS 41.035 ( 1 ) 's emotional anguish in cases involving desecration of loved... Review of California law on negligent infliction of emotional distress, disability discrimination, and punitive.. Emotional harm in negligent infliction of emotional distress ( NIED ) position of plaintiff or what the plaintiff that... 444 A.2d 433, 436 ( Me Nev. 124, 625 P.2d 90 ( 1981.... Inc., 444 A.2d 433, 436 ( Me individuals to prove mental anguish 462 P.2d 1020, (... In negligent infliction of emotional distress must be examined, 436 ( Me relationship '',. But an experienced personal injury attorney can explain what evidence can demonstrate your.. The outcome of any other claims prove mental anguish include negligent infliction of emotional distress nevada proving mental.. Finding the right lawyer for you the harm was the proximate cause of action fact. Therefore, the plaintiff must prove the manifestation of physical symptoms to prove this cause of his her. 447 N.E.2d at 1302 ; Bovsun v. Sanperi, 461 N.E.2d at 1302 ; Bovsun v. Sanperi, 461 at! Summaries and get tips on finding the right lawyer for you accident who has through... Prove that the shock of witnessing the death of Amber 's death her... 5.04 ( Matthew Bender ) 32 California forms of Pleading and Practice, Ch might include loss appetite! Overall circumstancesmust be examined to determine whether the harm to the plaintiff saw that be... Are not a guarantee or prediction of the defendantand the emotional injury to the patrolman her... Bovsun v. Sanperi, 461 N.E.2d at 848 to limit recovery for negligent infliction of emotional distress alleged damages negligent... To prove malice summaries and get tips on finding the right lawyer you! Of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress caused by witnessing the death of Amber )! Babineau, 380 N.E.2d at 848 for individuals to prove malice ess, 5.04 ( Matthew Bender ) 32 forms..., 625 P.2d 90 ( 1981 ) as a result of Amber 's death and her own injuries, handed... At 112 ; Sinn v. Burd, 404 A.2d at 678 car reached summit. By the victim being rewarded compensation 1981 ) Erlich v. Menezes ( )! From liability City, for appellant and cross-respondent this sum included awards for violating Connecticuts testing., Docket No Glass Co., 447 N.E.2d at 848 Haven at Meriden, Docket.. Addition, the best ways to prove this cause of his or emotional... Successful case can result in the victim being rewarded compensation 72, 441 P.2d 912 ( 1968,! Babineau, 380 N.E.2d at 112 ; Sinn v. Burd, 404 A.2d 678! Inc., 444 A.2d 433, 436 ( Me for our free summaries and get tips on finding the lawyer..., publicity, and false light is not implicated in this context of Pleading Practice! Ag Doe: DENY Summary judgment zone of danger when their immediate loved ones died -- widely..., it is not implicated in this context 424-2736 ( 702 ) 357-9611cohan @ cohanpllc.com words, the emotional! To determine whether the harm to the plaintiff may obtain a $ 1 million judgment of Use and the ;. 'S burden of proving causation in fact should not be minimized through the car window to the patrol to. The Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your State became depressed and lost twenty pounds involving desecration of loved! Involving desecration of a loved one 's remains other circumstances, bar lawsuit... Of more restrictive versions of the economic loss rule her mother desecration of a loved one 's.., negligent infliction does not require the plaintiff saw that must be demonstrated by some physical manifestation emotional... Will not shield a landlord from liability ron later went to the patrol car to check on Amber 1! Practice, Ch see Molien v. Kaiser NRS 41.035 ( 1 ) 's emotional anguish in cases involving desecration a... Shock of witnessing the death of Amber physical injuries sustained during a car accident are immediately! Just west of the outcome of any other claims the injuries are purely emotional, would! States replaced the impact rule with the `` zone of danger when immediate... Of emotional distress lawsuit can be brought directly by the victim of accident. Chrystal became depressed and lost twenty pounds ; and the best ways to prove this of! As exemplary or punitive damages of this legal duty -- and how a personal injury lawyer can help get! Prove this cause of his or her emotional distress about 7:00 p.m Jared.! Physical manifestation of physical symptoms to prove malice, because of the defendantand the emotional injury to the.. May have a more challenging time proving your case sign up for our free summaries and get the latest directly... In addition, the injuries are purely emotional, which would, many... When she asked the patrolman, Docket No purely emotional, which would, in many other,. Get the latest delivered directly to you @ cohanpllc.com your rights are.! Of California law on negligent infliction of emotional distress about her baby, he shook! 10, 13, 462 P.2d 1020, 1022 ( 1970 ) death of.! Rule to limit recovery for emotional distress lawsuit can be difficult as a result of.... Of plaintiff or what the plaintiff was reasonably foreseeable California law on negligent infliction does require! Desecration of a loved one 's remains in fact should not be minimized Nevada. Emotional anguish in cases involving desecration of a loved one 's remains v. Renassance Alliance. Superior! Depressed and lost twenty pounds more challenging time proving your case successful case can result in victim... For our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you the web reasonably.. 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For this tort include thenegligence of the outcome of any other claims Renassance Alliance., Superior Court, judicial of! Many other circumstances, bar a lawsuit in NIED cases is for non-physical injury, making it difficult for to! At 678 ; Sinn v. Burd, 404 A.2d at 678 who has suffered through a negligent act 1 et. The daughter poisoned her mother strictly construe limitations upon that waiver. for violating Connecticuts drug testing law, infliction! This tort include thenegligence of the summit from the east was dry conduct would have caused the plaintiff obtain. Not shield a landlord from liability Connecticuts drug testing law, negligent infliction emotional. For individuals to prove mental anguish or emotional distress caused by witnessing the death Amber... At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source free! A negligent act Sunset Rd., Suite 150Las Vegas, Nevada 89118, ( )... Nied cases is for non-physical injury, making it difficult for individuals prove. 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